Therefore, this study was conducted to test whether the PDRN used in our experiment is usable as an injectable agent and focused on exploring the hypothesis that PDRN is effective in treating the delayed wound healing of diabetic mice by increasing the expression of VEGF and CD31. In previous experiments, investigators injected PDRN into the abdominal cavity, but we established experimental differences by injected intra-dermally around the wound at injection sites. Currently, existing PDRNs are extracted from the semen of O. In this study, we used PDRN extracted (providing BR Beautiful Revolution Co., Ltd., Wonju, Korea) from the testis of Oncorhynchus masou and was produced in Korea by itself. PDRN markedly increased upstream signaling for VEGF, as well as the mature protein in wounds, indicating its ability to improve the healing of wounds in genetically diabetic mice that exhibit wound healing impairment due to defects in VEGF regulation at the gene expression level 2, 17, 18. A previous study reported that PDRN administration reduced pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and High-mobility group protein 1 3. PDRN exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and inflammatory cytokines. PDRN has been shown to activate A2A receptor 16. The effects of PDRN were investigated in mice with deep-dermal, second degree burn injuries, and the treatment enhanced burn wound re-epithelialization and decreased time to final wound closure 2, 3.
#Image pro plus hematoxylin and eosin skin
Another clinical situation characterized by a poor skin repair process and impaired angiogenesis is thermal injury 13, 15. PDRN improved the skin repair process and enhanced wound breakage strength in diabetic animals.
Furthermore, the effects of PDRN were investigated in a model of diabetesimpaired wound healing 2. PDRN has shown remarkable therapeutic efficacy by promoting angiogenesis through increasing VEGF expression during skin flap techniques, burn wound healing, and recovery of diabetic wound delays 2, 10, 13, 14. It consists of low molecular weight DNA with no more than 95% protein 10, 11, 12. Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), which is produced by a high temperature extraction process from the proteins of trout sperm, is a mixture of purines, pyrimidines, deoxyribonucleotides, and deoxyribonucleosides and has varying lengths of 50 to 2,000 base pairs. Currently being developed or studied as injectable wound healing agents are adipocyte derived interstitial cells 5, growth factors such as EGF, PDGF 6, 7, and placenta injections 8, 9. Various drugs have been proposed to address these problems.
In particular, a chronic wound tends to show decreased levels of EGF, FGF, TGF-β, PDGF, and VEGF, interleukin (IL)-1 and -6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 4. Impaired wound healing in diabetics is not completely understood but is believed to include abnormalities in inflammatory cells, impaired neovascularization, decreased synthesis of collagen, and increased levels of proteinases 2, 3. Healing is concomitant with an increased release of angiogenic growth factors from macrophages and keratinocytes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and impairment of this release leads to a delay in skin repair 2. Migration and growth of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells are primary components of wound healing 1. Wound healing is a complex process that is divided into three sequential but overlapping phases of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.